01

What are the steps?

First came the Penny, an early model focused on fuel efficiency. Then came the Isa, also focused on fuel efficiency (1 litre per 400 km). Next was the Nova, designed for flexibility. Flax composite was already used in its construction. Then came the challenge: to build a family car that was fully bio-based and approved by the RDW: the Lina. After the Lina came Noah: not only bio-based (flax and sugar), but also biodegradable. It used PLA (naturally biodegradable) instead of PP as a composite made from sugar. After Noah came Luca, which focused on reusing plastic. Finally, in 2022, came the ZEM: zero-emission mobility. Made entirely using 3D printing from recycled plastic and equipped with direct air capture (DAC), it is a car that absorbs CO2 instead of emitting it.

02

Which cars are still around?

Only the Luna, Luca and ZEM are still available to be demonstrated. The Penny and Nova have both been partially incorporated into cars built later.

The Luna laid the foundation for software reuse. Parts of Luna's software were reused in Luca and ZEM.